'Dark Patterns' Trick You into Spending More Online

“Dark patterns” meant to push people shopping online into spending more are startlingly common, according to a new study.

The researchers found that dark patterns appear on more than 1 out of 10 sites and many of the most popular online merchants use these tactics frequently.

In some cases, sites will hype limited-time deals with a countdown clock, warn you that the product you’re looking at is running out of stock, or tell you that 65 people in your area have recently purchased the item. In others, they’ll quietly add items to your cart, or sign you up for recurring payments under the guise of a free trial.

Many of these manipulative retail strategies have existed since long before the internet—think of the store with the never-ending “Going Out of Business” sale, or the Columbia House “8 Albums for a Penny” deal. But online shopping has pushed these shady practices into overdrive, deploying them in newly powerful and sneaky ways.

To help consumers recognize these misleading practices, the research team created a website to raise awareness of different dark patterns.

Pinning Down Dark Patterns

“‘Dark patterns’ are basically tactics a user interface design uses to lead a user down a certain path for the benefit of the service provider,” says the coauthor Marshini Chetty, assistant professor of computer science at the University of Chicago, whose research explores the effects of internet design and practices.

“Often, it’s trying to get the user to make a decision that they may not have made if they were otherwise fully informed. On the internet, they could be affecting thousands or millions of people, and we don’t really fully understand what their impact is on decision-making.”

User experience designer Harry Brignull coined the term “dark patterns” in 2010 to describe deceptive online practices. These could include pre-web retail tricks such as hidden costs or forced enrollment, but also new strategies unique to the internet, such as “confirmshaming”—when a pop-up uses manipulative language (“No thanks, I don’t want to take advantage of this incredible offer”) to lead users away from declining a purchase—or social proof (“97 other users are viewing this item”).

While previous research either described these patterns or collected anecdotal evidence on their usage, the new project, led by Princeton University graduate student Arunesh Mathur, built a web-crawling tool to analyze more than 50,000 product pages from 11,000 shopping sites. By grabbing the text from these pages, the team could look for both known and new “dark patterns,” as well as measure how frequently they appear.

In total, they found more than 1,800 instances of dark pattern usage on 1,254 websites, which likely represents a low estimate of their true presence, the authors say.

Under Siege While Online Shopping

“The goal of these patterns in the shopping context is to get you to buy more things,” Mathur told The Wall Street Journal. “Once you know about them, you see them everywhere.”

On a subset of 183 online shopping websites, the researchers found these patterns were outright deceptive. Some commonly used tricks on this subset of websites included countdown timers for “limited-time” sales that reset every time the user reloaded the page, faked customer testimonials, low-stock or high-demand notifications that appear on a recurring schedule, and messages or layouts that pressure consumers to buy higher-cost items. By looking at the computer code behind these website elements, the researchers found third-party services that provide these options to shopping websites, enabling dark patterns to proliferate as easy-to-install plugins.

The researchers have discussed their findings with the Federal Trade Commission—the government agency charged with regulating deceptive retail practices—and provided information to the sponsors of the Deceptive Experiences To Online Users Reduction (DETOUR) Act, introduced in the U.S. Senate earlier this year.

“It wasn’t the goal of the work to name and shame people; it’s unclear, in some cases, whether people are fully aware that they’re being utterly deceptive,” Chetty says. “But we wanted to get a sense of: Is this a problem, and should we be doing something about it? Then the government can pass legislation that would make it very difficult for service providers to use certain dark patterns, particularly those that try to trick users into giving up information or that are directed at children.”

The research appears in Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction.